The Effect of Protest Votes on the Estimates of Willingness to Pay for Use Values of Recreational Sites
01.01.2001
Elisabetta Strazzera, Margarita Genius, Riccardo Scarpa, George Hutchinson
C35,C51,C81,D60,H41,Q26
Contingent valuation,protest responses,sample selection,MLE,two-steps method
Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Carlo Carraro
Selectivity bias caused by protest responses in Contingent Valuation studies can be detected and corrected by means of sample selection models. This paper compares two methods: the Heckman 2-steps method and the full ML, applied to data on forest recreation – where WTP is elicited as a continuous variable. Either method has its own drawback: computational complexity for the ML method, susceptibility to collinearity problems for the 2-steps method. The latter problem is observed in our best fitting specification, with the ML estimator outperforming the 2-steps. In this application, overlooking the effect of protest responses would cause an upwards bias of the final estimates of WTP.