The Environmental Kuznets Curve: a Survey of the Literature
Date
01.01.1999
01.01.1999
Authors
Simone Borghesi
JEL Code
C23,O5,Q2,Q25,Q32
C23,O5,Q2,Q25,Q32
Keywords:
Environmental Kuznets curve,growth,pollution
Environmental Kuznets curve,growth,pollution
Publisher
Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Editor
Carlo Carraro
Carlo Carraro
JOURNAL
Ashgate
Ashgate
In the last few years, several studies have found an inverted-U relationship between per capita income and environmental degradation. This relationship, known as the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), suggests that environmental degradation increases in the early stages of growth, but it eventually decreases as income exceeds a threshold level. The present paper reviews both early and recent contributions on this subject, discussing whether and to what extent such a curve can be empirically observed, and the policy implications that derive from the empirical evidence.